International Congress on Geriatrics and Gerontology October 18-19, 2021 Chicago, USA

Geriatric dentistry is the delivery of dental care to older adults involving diagnosis, prevention, management and treatment of problems associated with age related diseases. The mouth is referred to as a mirror of overall health, reinforcing that oral health is an integral part of general health. In the elderly population poor oral health has been considered a risk factor for general health problems. Older adults are more susceptible to oral conditions or diseases due to an increase in chronic conditions and physical/mental disabilities. Thus, the elderly form a distinct group in terms of provision of care.

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Elderly people are often suffering from two or more chronic diseases, more frequently cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratory diseases, metabolic syndrome and cancer. These most frequent chronic diseases share largely preventable risk factors, the foremost important being smoking and obesity, and should be linked to chronic systemic inflammation. Coexisting chronic diseases affect the course of the first disease and alter the efficacy and safety of its management. Learning to manage a variety of treatments while maintaining quality of life can be problematic and the ageing of the population has increased the prevalence of chronic diseases, which represent a huge proportion of human illness.

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Aging of the population affects all aspects of the society including health, Social Security, education, socio-cultural activities, family life and therefore the labour market. They have often also considered how such labour shortages are often mitigated by increasing the retirement age. Regarding care of the elderly, if fertility continues decreasing then this may inevitably cause a scarcity of care workers, both paid and unpaid, especially, for elderly people. The social and economic provision of care still creates gender dilemmas for societies by narrowing the range of employment opportunities for ladies.

Chronic conditions of the Elderly| Geriatric and Gerontology| Geriatrics and Elderly Care

Ageing may be a complex process that involves every cell and organ in the body which results in the deterioration of the many body functions over the lifespan of an individual.

With age, the skin loses its elasticity and injuries heal more slowly than in childhood. The same holds true for bones, which turn brittle with age and take for much longer to heal when fractured. Lung tissue also loses its elasticity and therefore the muscles of the skeletal structure shrink. Blood vessels accumulate fatty deposits and subsided flexible, which ends up in arteriosclerosis. Hence, all ageing phenomena—tissue deterioration, cancer and propensity to infections—can be interpreted as signs of ageing at the extent of somatic stem cells.

Economic and Social Impact of Ageing| Chronic conditions of the Elderly| Chronic conditions of the Elderly

The genetic theory of aging states that lifespan is essentially determined by the genes we inherit. According our longevity is primarily determined at the moment of conception and is essentially reliant on our parents and their genes.

The basis behind this theory is that segments of DNA that occur at the end of chromosomes, called Telomeres, determine the maximum lifespan of a cell. Telomeres are pieces of "junk" DNA at the end of chromosomes which become shorter every time a cell divides. These telomeres become shorter and shorter and eventually, the cells cannot divide without losing important pieces of DNA.

Stem Cells and Ageing| Economic and Social Impact of Ageing| Chronic conditions of the Elderly

The aging population implies important changes at various levels. From the ancient years to the 19th century, human life expectancy doubled from 20 years to 40 years. However, this life expectancy doubled fast to 80 years from the 19th century to the 20th century and continuously increased in the 21st century. This fact implies important socioeconomic and health challenges. Aging entails a greater need to care for aspects related to primary aging (physical changes due to aging) and to secondary aging (risks increase in old age) undoubtedly, cancer risk increases exponentially with age. About 60% of cancers occur in people 65 years of age or older. Furthermore, about 70% of the deaths caused by cancers occur in this stage. Therefore, cancer is a disease of old age. Taking into account the increase in cancer occurrence and the quality of life among the elderly population, a special approach is necessary for the diagnosis, treatment, and survival of elderly patients with cancer.

Genetics of Ageing| Stem Cells and Ageing| Economic and Social Impact of Ageing

Eye disease and visual defect are common within the elderly and are related to social and functional decline, the necessity to access community support services, depression, falls, home placement and increased mortality. Visual defect is related to many negative consequences within the elderly. This includes poorer economic standing, poorer physical and psychological state, more social isolation and less social support. Age-related degeneration is related to more visual stress and a rise in musculoskeletal complaints. While Optometry has a clear and major role to play in the measurement and optimization of functional vision and in the treatment of the many vision disorders in the elderly population.

Cancer in elderly: Challenges & Barriers| Genetics of Ageing| Stem Cells and Ageing

Geriatric care management is the process of planning and coordinating care of the elderly and others with physical and mental impairments to meet their long term care needs, improve their quality of life, and maintain their independence for as long as possible. It entails working with persons of old age and their families in managing, rendering and referring various sorts of health and social care services.

Geriatrics Eye care| Cancer in elderly: Challenges & Barriers| Genetics of Ageing

The skeleton provides support and structure to the body. Joints are the areas where bones come together. They allow the skeleton to be flexible for movement. In a joint, bones don't directly contact one another. Instead, they're cushioned by cartilage within the joint, synovial membranes round the joint, and fluid.

Muscles provide the force and strength to maneuverer the body. Coordination is directed by the brain, but is suffering from changes within the muscles and joints. Changes within the muscles, joints, and bones affect the posture and walk, and cause weakness and slowed movement.

Geriatric Services| Geriatrics Eye care| Cancer in elderly: Challenges & Barriers

The increasing geriatric population is coupled with growing number of chronicle aging, biological aging, psychological aging and social aging diseases increasing number of long-term care services drives the geriatric services market size over the forecast timeframe. Gerontology is multidisciplinary and cares with physical, mental, and social aspects and implications of aging. Geriatrics is a medical specialty focused on care and treatment of older persons.

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Acute medical illness can present at the end of life and contribute to significant distress in patients, their families and their careers. Care models should be ready to assess, treat and support patients with an acute medical illness at the top of life within the setting chosen by patients, which could include home, care home, hospice or hospital.

There is some uncertainty over the clinical and cost-effectiveness of various models of community based palliative care, which may support management of acute medical illnesses at the top of life outside hospices and hospitals. This is important to work out because it offers option to patients and carers at an important time of life.

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Alzheimer’s is a degenerative brain disease that is caused by complex brain changes following cell damage. It results in dementia symptoms that gently worsen over time. Alzheimer’s may be a chronic neurodegenerative disease that sometimes starts slowly and gradually worsens over time. It is the explanation for 60–70% of cases of dementia. The most common early symptom is difficulty in remembering recent events. As Alzheimer’s advances, symptoms get more severe and include disorientation, confusion and behaviour changes. Eventually, speaking, swallowing and walking become difficult.

Though the best known risk factor for Alzheimer’s is increasing age, the disease isn't a normal a part of aging. And though most of the people with Alzheimer’s are 65 and older, approximately 200,000 people under 65 have younger-onset Alzheimer’s disease.

Dementia is not a normal part of aging. It is caused by damage to brain cells that affect their ability to communicate, which can affect thinking, behaviour and feelings.

Palliative and Community Nursing| Osteoporosis and Bone Health| fall, Joints and Bone Health

Geriatric Nursing may be a comprehensive source for clinical information and management advice concerning the care of older adults. The management of acute and chronic disorders and supply practical advice on care of older adults across the future. Geriatric Nursing addresses current issues associated with drugs, advance directives, development and management, legal issues, client and caregiver education, infection control, and other topics.

Gerontological nursing on knowledge about complex factors that affect the health of older adults. Older adults are more likely than younger adults to possess one or more chronic health conditions, like diabetes, disorder, cancer, arthritis, hearing disorder, or a sort of dementia like Alzheimer's disease. As well, drug metabolism changes with aging, adding to the complexity of health needs.

Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia| Palliative and Community Nursing| Osteoporosis and Bone Health

The world’s population is ageing rapidly. Between 2015 and 2050, the proportion of the world's older adults is estimated to almost double from about 12% to 22%. In absolute terms, this is often an expected increase from 900 million to 2 billion people over the age of 60. Older people face special physical and psychological state challenges which require to be recognized.

There could also be multiple risk factors for psychological state problems at any point in life. Older people may experience life stressors common to all people, but also stressors that are more common in later life, like a significant on-going loss in capacities and a decline in functional ability. For example, older adults may experience reduced mobility, chronic pain, frailty or other health problems, that they require some sort of long-term care. All of those stressors may result in isolation, loneliness or psychological distress in older people, that they'll require long-term care.

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The geriatric rehabilitation, that specializes in the particularities that differentiate it from the recovery of younger adults. Elderly patients present an increased prevalence of progressive disabling chronic conditions requiring rehabilitation and that they also are more exposed to acute disability events due to a chronic disease. Rehabilitation is an important component of geriatric care and therapy and it can make a critical difference within the life quality of elderly people, albeit the method is much more difficult and the progress may be slower than in younger adults. The goal of the geriatric rehabilitation is that the recovery and therefore the development of private independence and the ability to try to as many as possible daily living activities.

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Old age is one among the vulnerable and prone stages in terms of health status. Nutrition is important determining factor of elderly mass specifically over the age of 60 years. Geriatric nutrition has been always underreported, though everyone wants to form the senescence easy. Adequate nutrition is always important for better ageing. Physical activities also are within the same queue of building the ageing a neater process. Health conditions like hypertension, cholesterol, kidney failure, joint problems and cardiac problems should be taken into consideration before starting any quite physical activity.

It requires lot of awareness, motivation and support, physically, mentally and socially. It is found  in the  study  that  by  2050,  around  30%  of people  in  industrialised  countries  will  be  over 65  years.  But,  tremendous  rise  in  chronic diseases  is  increasing  the  risk  of  related disorders  in  elderly.  Malnutrition leads to decreased independence due to physical weakness and muscle wasting. It becomes still important in perspective of elderly masses due to physiological changes in the body.  Immunity weakens with proceeding age which is influenced by lack of nutrients and differed dietary habits.

Geriatric Rehabilitation| Mental Illness in Geriatrics| Geriatric Nursing

Heart disease may be a killer among the aging population. But lifestyle can provide the first line of defence against this debilitating disease.

As people age, they typically share two overarching goals: to measure an extended life and to measure a high-quality life. A strategy for achieving these goals is to defeat heart disease before it develops. Age is a major risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) for both men and women. During aging, changes occur within the heart that set the backdrop for heart condition. The heart walls thicken and stiffen, preventing the muscle from relaxing and filling adequately between beats. High blood pressure can also occur, further increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke. While age-related changes occurring in the heart can lead to heart disease, it is becoming clear that many of these changes are influenced as much by lifestyle as by age. We’ve known for years that a lot of lifestyle factors like diet, exercise, and smoking are associated with heart condition risk. But recent research underscores just how important these lifestyle strategies are often for lowering the danger of heart condition as we age. 

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As our population expands, and as life expectancy increases, the number of people in the geriatric age group rises too. All over the world elderly people, i.e., men and women aged more than 65years, constitute a rapidly increasing proportion of the human population.

The two most common endocrine diseases that affect the elderly are diabetes mellitus and thyroid disease. By age 75, about 20% of the population has developed diabetes. 10 As stated previously, diabetes mellitus has known effects on the cardiovascular system, but it also can affect most other organs, most notably the kidneys, peripheral nervous system and, of course, the eyes. Adult hypopituitarism, hypothyroidism, osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus, adrenal insufficiency, various forms of hypogonadism, and endocrine malignancies are all more frequent in old age.

Treatment of endocrine disease also varies markedly in the elderly. Doses of growth hormone, thyroxin and insulin are relatively lower in this age group Psychosocial factors unique to the elderly play an important role in management of endocrine and metabolic disorders, such as osteoporosis and diabetes, and should be taken into consideration in the search for optimal care of such patients.

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The elderly population is projected to rise to 12% of the total population by 2025. The increasing elderly population poses social and financial challenges and puts immense strain on the health system due to marked shift toward chronic non-communicable diseases. There is a need to the medical and socio-economic problems of this vulnerable group and promote healthy ageing.

The elderly suffer from overburden of communicable and non-communicable diseases besides impairment of special sensory functions like vision and hearing and other degenerative diseases. Poor geographical access and high cost of treatment also cause poor utilization of health care especially among the elderly. Chronic verbal abuse was the most common followed by financial abuse, physical abuse and neglect.

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